Cloud Computing Service Level Agreement and Governance

Distributed computing Service Level Agreement and Governance Administration Level Agreement and Governance for Cloud Computing The legally binding side of a help level understanding (SLA) and administration for distributed computing Ali Raslan Dynamic In the realm of data innovation (IT), distributed computing has been the cutting edge idea of present day figuring for the most recent decade or more. In any case, over the most recent couple of years this idea has become the standard. In any case, with the whole buzz and the transformative strategies the data innovation organizations creating and executing, many overpowering issues like interoperability, frailty, and availability speaks to the absolute most foreseen questions each leader needs to consider before marking the agreement of a Cloud Service understanding report. Notwithstanding that, one key issue for each association attempting to make the large move to the universe of distributed computing, is to give administration to information that it no longer straightforwardly controls. During this exploration, I will attempt to delineate and point the principle thoughts and practices of the authoritative side of a help level understanding (SLA) and administration for distributed computing by attempting to feature a lot of rules to help and help association in characterizing and compelling the administration plans for information they are eager to move into the cloud. Catchphrases: distributed computing, SLA, IT, contract, understanding, obliging. Word check: 4000 words. Presentation Distributed computing is the new time of web development, where this term typically alludes to everything includes conveying facilitated administrations and information over the web to organizations, people and significantly other registering frameworks. Cloud processing began in 1950s when huge scope centralized servers made accessible to schools and enterprises (James, 2013). Not many decades later, this idea began to turn out to be increasingly alive by receiving this idea by a portion of the major mechanical organizations like Google, Amazon and Microsoft where business distributed computing began to happen in the market. This new innovation created through various stages, this incorporates Software as a Service (SaaS), Grid and Utility Computing (GaUC), Application Service Provision (ASP) (Arif, 2014). All things considered, through the advancement of this idea, numerous issues and vulnerabilities like security, interoperability, seller lock-in, and consistence were emerging aga inst receiving this innovation (North Bridge, 2013). These issues are comfortable even with the conventional Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO), and these issues normally rewarded at the understanding level between the specialist organization and the client. Distributed computing Definitions The National Institute Of Standards And Technology NIST Definition of Cloud Computing â€Å"Cloud registering is a model for empowering pervasive, helpful, on-request organize access to a common pool of configurable processing assets (e.g., systems, servers, stockpiling, applications, and administrations) that can be quickly provisioned and discharged with insignificant administration exertion or specialist co-op cooperation. This cloud model is made out of five fundamental attributes, three assistance models, and four arrangement models.† (Peter Mell, 2011). Additionally, in his book The Big Switch: Rewiring the World from Edison to Google by Nicholas Carr, a long time from now, the advanced period of intensity framework has started when partnerships began to join the force network deserting the customary force generator frameworks each organization used to have so as to fulfill the company’s requirement for power. This enormous change around then is fundamentally the same as today’s changing from customary registering and information dealing with to the cloud. Where with all the strange ideas and stresses over the security, real information place and the solidness of the administrations gave, organizations will before long understand the developing markets and administrations Cloud Computing can offer. The primary inspiration driving Cloud figuring for the most part spoke to by the advantages this innovation can offer for its customers. Where highlights like ‘Service on Demand’, for the most part with a ‘pay as you go’ charging framework and variables like the exceptionally disconnected and shared assets, the prompt provisioning and versatility makes distributed computing the following force network change. Dangers and Issues Then again, notwithstanding all the referenced advantages and highlights distributed computing can offer, it has been understood that there are cutoff points to the acknowledgment of distributed computing among big business organizations, due to the degree of multifaceted nature and constancy these administration may turn into. In addition, the information administration issues identified with this innovation speaks to a portion of the primary troubles the distributed computing market is confronting at the present time. The European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) characterizes that the customer duty of information administration is like the specialist organization obligation in the event of any information lose or defilement (Catteddu, 2009). Subsequently on the grounds that client ought to know about the dangers that may infer by utilizing this innovation, and to urge these organizations to examine farther in finding a progressively solid suppliers. Notwithstanding that, farther dangers may suggest to any distributed computing condition, for example, hacking assaults or unapproved access to the real physical information areas. The Journal of Information Technology Management arranged this sort of assaults in three fundamental classifications: Assaults targets facilitated application under a SaaS situation. Assaults through the confided in organize association. This should be possible from the client side to the supplier or from the supplier side to the client condition. Assaults targets facilitated server under a PaaS or IaaS condition. (Cochran Witman, 2011) Distributed computing Governance Components In the Information Technology Outsourcing, portraying the item or the administration particulars to be conveyed are normally drafted by means of an agreement is as Service Level Agreement (SLA), this understanding characterizes the all the significant and lawful pieces of the administration between the specialist co-op and the administration beneficiaries. A similar idea can be actualized with the distributed computing, since a large portion of the primary understanding parts includes giving a data innovation administration. Be that as it may, distributed computing incorporates a wide range of thoughts and ideas, where in distributed computing understanding the administration need to treat various ideas and practices like obscure information physical area, fast scaling, lower IT forthright, and even unique method of paying for the administration, for example, month to month or yearly memberships. Notwithstanding that, in a cloud situation, normally the administrations are facilitated and possessed by a different gathering. Where much of the time the proprietor of the application can be not the same as the proprietor of the server (Cochran Witman, 2011). Nondisclosure and Confidentiality Agreements These two terms are utilized in numerous different territories and through various kinds in agreements, understandings and structures, however the fundamental comprehension of those two terms alludes to the privacy of the understanding by and large. Subsequently, at the degree of a help level understanding, a nondisclosure understanding typically implies a private understanding. Margaret Rouse in her article about Nondisclosure Agreements she characterizes NDA as â€Å"A non-revelation understanding (NDA) is a consented to formal arrangement in which one gathering consents to give a second gathering secret data about its business or items and the subsequent party makes a deal to avoid imparting this data to any other individual for a predetermined time of time.† (Margaret, 2005). Essentially, David V. Radack in his article Understanding Confidentiality Agreements, he characterizes classified understanding as â€Å"Confidentiality understandings, are contracts gone into by at least two gatherings in which a few or the entirety of the gatherings concur that specific kinds of data that go from one gathering to the next or that are made by one of the gatherings will remain confidential.† (David, 2014). From the two gave definitions, we can see that a secret or nondisclosure understanding power all took an interest gatherings to ensure and never unveil any of the data went between the gatherings while building the administration. Lawful area All in all, the real physical area of the server or the information in a Cloud Computing condition isn't significant from the specialized perspective. Be that as it may, from a legitimate perspective a Service Level Agreement requires obviously recognizing the real area of the servers taking care of the information and administrations. In this manner in the event of a security break from the supplier side, disciplines or punishments could be given through the provider’s neighborhood authority. Hence, if the penetrate came about the information to be moved into an offshores area, the nearby government guidelines may have no impacts towards that (Steele 2010). Then again, a common case could be given morally justified of the seller or aggressor in the event of such dangers. Thus, characterizing the lawful area is significant in a help level understanding since it speaks to a lawful spread to the genuine information that may get taken or pulverized. The Restrictions of a Software License Programming License Restrictions is an extremely basic factor in any Software License Agreement since it may influence the primary errands of the entire framework if there should be an occurrence of putting away on an obscure gadgets or servers. This may happens in light of the fact that occasionally programming permit may get damaged when put away or facilitated through remote equipment foundation. This issue may results a reactions like not having the option to run the framework all in all or a section since programming licenses may have a security highlights at the degree of connecting the product to an exceptional machine MAC address or a processor sequential number. Client based exposures Client based exposures may happens when an end client posts a few information in a protected interface or site in the sy

Help Writing Essay by Learning How to Research Essays

Help Writing Essay by Learning How to Research EssaysIf you are an English student who wants to help write a research paper, make sure you plan ahead and find out how. There are plenty of ways that you can use to ensure that you do not get stuck in a rut and waste a lot of time.You can take a different approach to your topic by following the 'header' method. This is when you start with a hypothesis or idea and then research the best ways to support your initial observation. You can then research different theories or approaches that will support your hypothesis.Remember, essay writing is a skill and needs to be practiced. The same is true for research. As you learn about the topic of your essay, learn about other types of writing and you will soon notice that you are able to write better when you know what to write about. So take the time to find out what works for you and then decide on how to incorporate that into your essay.A lot of people have trouble getting started on research papers. This is because they get caught up in the research and think it is a huge amount of work. You can tell when it is time to slow down because the research seems almost overwhelming. There is no need to worry though because you can take back your notes and read them over again.In the same way, writing the essay is not difficult but it can take some time to get used to. Once you get the hang of it, you can write more freely but it can also feel a bit overwhelming. Try to stick to one topic at a time and read a bit about it before writing the research paper.Remember that you want to give your research paper as much information as possible. This is why it is important to try to answer as many questions as possible before actually starting the writing process. Check out the internet and find out as much as you can about the topic and ask any questions that you have. That way you will know the main facts so you will not have to research everything yourself.Find out how others have h andled problems that you may encounter and see if it helps you. Even if it does not, the tips can help you make things easier when you start the writing process. Writing is something that is only possible when you try to put all the pieces together and the more information you can gather, the easier the writing process will be.When you are stuck, try to forget everything and just think about what you are trying to achieve with your writing. If it feels impossible, keep on going. You can write for as long as you want and will not get far if you have a problem coming up later.

Introduction to business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prologue to business - Essay Example Models are not just used to depict the present position and working of the substance yet additionally the future position and the offer that the organization needs to accomplish over the long haul. The kind of model that the association receives will go far to decide how the clients relate with the association, how the workers are spurred and furthermore how conceivable is it for the organization to meet its drawn out plans. Distinctive plans of action and speculations have been received by different pioneers in the administration of their associations. One of these business hypothesis and models is the human relations hypothesis. This hypothesis is for the most part worried about the human factor in the organization, administration and the inspiration of the laborers (Heron, 1993). This hypothesis accept that both the business and the worker are social creatures and can relate on a shared opinion. This is additionally founded on the suspicion that the business was such a great amoun t of worried about the representative conduct at the work place. The level to which the association is going to meet its goals depends such a great amount on the general view of the representatives and their general demeanor towards work. The human connection hypothesis additionally makes a presumption that how well the people’s needs are placed into thought, the better they can act in their work environments. Individuals normally need somebody who will be there for them and by the administration demonstrating worry about their needs is a method of giving them more motivation to be pleased and relate to the association. The scholars who concocted this model recommended that to a given level, the supervisors could anticipate the conduct of their representatives at the work place. This hypothesis is essentially worried about worker inspiration and general fulfillment at work (Heron, 1993, p. 242). Various classes of individuals are propelled distinctively as indicated by human relations hypothesis. Objective efficient man is the kind of worker who is propelled by being let to practice those things that are of personal responsibility and yet exploiting the additions that surface in the association. The below average of the worker is the social man who is inspired by being permitted some social time and permitted to be a piece of the gatherings in the association. This kind of worker will be roused by even those things that are considered not as essential to others, for instance, being permitted some an opportunity to go on an organization trip or even a short business excursion where he is to meet others. The self-realization man, as indicated by human relations hypothesis, is propelled by those things that will assist him with feeling satisfied as a person. These things resemble any headways or accomplishments that the worker accomplishes and is perceived for them by the organization. The administration can spur this representative by permitting him to be free and bolster any creative thoughts that he may think of. The fourth kind of individual is the unpredictable man and as the name recommends, this worker isn't straightforward and he may represent various things at various occasions. This man is propelled by understanding his needs by and by or potentially as a gathering and attempting your best to fulfill them in the most ideal manner conceivable. The human connection hypothesis is a hypothesis that applies such a great amount in the everyday running of numerous organizations in light of the fact that numerous organizations are worried about profitability and this is accomplished by ensuring that the representatives, who are straightforwardly worried about this creation are all around provided food for their

Capital Structure Is Irrelevant For Studying Corporate Finance Example For Free - Free Essay Example

What is capital structure? Capital structure is the mixture of sources of funds in cluding long-term debt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferred equity but excluding all short term credit.. Leverage firm means that firm uses to finance its assets. A firm with a lot of debt in its capital structure is said to be highly levered. A firm with no debt, it is called unleveraged. Difference industies have difference capital structure. Optimal capital structure is how to balance the cost of an enterprise to find a balance between the point of maximizing the value of the company or the cost of capital minimization. Due to changes in capital structure will affect the reported return on equity and stock prices, so the choice of capital structure is a very important decision Modigliani-Miller Theorem is a financial theory suggests that the market value of a firm is determined by its profitability, risk of the corporate and its related assets, it is an independent w ay to finance its investments or distribute dividends. The basic idea of the theorem is, the firm value will not affect whether a firm finances with debt or equity, under certain assumptions. The MM irrelevance proposition is developed in a world with perfect markets, so that there are no conflicts. In particular, there are no transactions costs, no taxes and no costs are incurred to induce mangers to maximize the value of the firm. In 1958, Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (MM) proved, under a restrictive set of assumptions including zero taxes, that capital structure is irrelevant. The first irrelevance proposition, Proposition I in the 1958 paper titled The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment published in the American Economic Review, states that the market value of any firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the () appropriate to its class. (Modigliani and Miller, 1958, p.268). That is, a firms value and cost of capital are not affected by its financing mix. A firms value will be determined by its project cash flows. The cost of capital will remain constant with leverage. As a firm increases its financial leverage, the cost of equity will increase just enough to offset any gains to the leverage. The method of arbitrage can be used to prove Proposition I. MM did not develop arbitrage but they made it a foundation of modern finance. MM assume that Financial markets are perfect and show that if Proposition I did not hold, an investor could buy and sell stocks and bonds in such a way as to exchange one income stream for another stream, identical in all relevant respects buy selling at a lower price. The exchange would therefore be advantageous to the investor quite independently of his attitudes toward risk. As investors exploit these arbitrage opportunities, the value of the overpriced shares will fall and that of the underpriced shares will rise, thereby tending to eliminate the discrepancy between the market values of the firms. (Modigliani and Miller, 1958, p.269). Arbitrage mechanism shows what MMs thinking is. Arbitrage opportunities can not be important due to market forces will intervene and make the price right. And MM think that arbitrage is not limited to current financial instruments and institutions. Because of this proof, we know that the value of a firm is not depends on its leverage if the financial markets are perfect. In a subsequent work in 1963, MM took corporate income taxes into account. Interest paid can be deducted before the payment of income taxes. It helps lighten the tax burden. It increases after-tax earnings to shareholders, so companies will choose to use more debit financing, high corporate debt ratios in order to achieve maximum shareholder value. Leverage will increase a firms value due to the tax deductibility of interest payments, leading to the conclusion that firms should pursue 100% debt financing. Ob viously, when the debt ratio to 100%, business value can be maximize. However, in the real world, Finance Manager will not exceed the use of financial leverage, since a large bankruptcy costs may explain why the company did not give more consideration to the use of tax debt settlement. And actually most of the corporate have no debt financing. The evidence on bankruptcy and financial distress costs was that neither empirical research nor simple common sense could convincingly sustain these presumed costs of bankruptcy as a sufficient, or even as a major, reason for the failure of so many large, well-managed US corporations to pick up what seemed to be billions upon billions of dollars of potential tax subsidies. (Miller, 1991a, p.274). Later work by Miller (1976) that demonstrated the model with personal income tax to correct MM theory. It points out MM theory over estimate the advantages of debt financing. In fact, the personal income tax offsets to some extent a personal intere st income from investment. They have to pay the loss of personal income tax liabilities and reduce the companys pursuit of preferential corporate income roughly equal. (Miller, 1976) The addition of financial distress and agency costs to the MM corporate tax model or Miller model results in a trade-off model, in which the costs and benefits of using debt are balanced against each other, leading to an optimal capital structure that falls somewhere between zero and 100% debt. The MM models concluded that firms should pursue 100% debt financing. However, if firms continue to borrow, hence the larger the fixed interest charges, the greater the probability that a decline in earnings will lead to financial distress (i.e. financial leverage). In this case, the higher the probability that costs associated with financial distress will be incurred. Costs of financial distress include direct costs, indirect costs and costs of bankruptcy which is the most extreme form. Besides costs of fi nancial distress, agency costs will be incurred when firms continue to use debt financing as shareholders might try to exploit the debt holders. When both the costs of financial distress and agency costs are ignored, according to MM, the value of a leverage firm is VL = VU + TD However, by including both the costs of financial distress and agency costs, the value of a leverage firm becomes VL = VU + TD PV(costs of financial distress) PV(agency costs). In this case, the optimal capital structure (the amount to be borrowed that maximizes the value of the firm) can be viewed as the trade-off between the benefits of debt (interest tax shield) and the costs of debt (costs of financial distress and agency costs). Financial distress and agency costs Debt Value of all equity financed firm PV of interest tax shields Value of levered firm Optimal amount of debt Maximum value of firm To summarize, the trade-off theory depicts the relationship between debt ratio, cost of debt, cost of equity and the WACC. When leverage increase both cost of equity and after tax cost of debt increase steadily; and the increase accelerate when debt level is high, reflecting the probability of financial distress and agency costs; the WACC first decreases, hit a minimal and then begins to rise; when WACC is minimized, the firm value is maximized. Implications of the trade-off theory Although the trade-off theory does not answer to the question of optimal capital structure, it helps explain firms behavior about leverage. Firms with more business risk tend to use less debt than lower risk firm. Firms that have tangible assets such as real estates can use more debt than firms with mostly intangible assets. Firm that are paying taxes at a higher rate are likely to use more debt than firms with lower tax rates. In addition, the asymmetric information or signaling theory recognizes that managers, who have better information than most inves tors, tend to prefer a pecking order of financing first retained earnings and then debt and as a last resort only, new common stock. The signaling theory concluded that firms should maintain borrowing capacity reserve so that they can always issue debt on reasonable terms rather than have to issue new equity at the wrong time. Despite the unrealistic assumptions, MM laid the foundation of modern capital structure theory. Although the capital structure theory does not provide precise answers to the question of optimal capital structure, it provides a systematic way of analyzing the effects of debt versus equity financing. In practice, we observe that there is a wide variation in capital structure, both across industries and among individual firms within industries. The variations across industries can be explained to a large extent by the economic fundamentals of the industry. Variations within industries also reflect fundamental differences, but they additionally reflect diff erences in managers attitudes toward debt. An important contribution to the theory of capital structure is not only to put forward the financial proposition if there is an optimal capital structure and there is an objective of the optimal combination of capital structure and make our capital structure has a clear understanding of the following: (1) A debt financing is the lowest-cost of financing in various funding sources in the enterprise due to interest paid before enterprise income tax, and the creditors bear the risk is small than investors relatively. They required a lower rate of return, so the cost of debt financing is usually the lowest. When there is the case of corporate income tax, debt financing can reduce the consolidated capital costs and increase earnings. (2) Lowest-cost means of financing may not be the best means of financing As the role and impact of financial distress costs and agency costs, over-debt will be offset by increased tax revenue. Because, as the proportion of the increase in debt, corporate interest expense to increase, companies increase the possibility of insolvency, corporate financial risk has increased. At this time, both corporate investors and creditors will ask for the appropriate compensation, which called for increased return on capital so that integrated enterprise cost of capital increased substantially. (3) Optimal capital structure is a kind of objective existence Debt financing for capital costs are lower than the other methods of financing, but not with the level of the individual cost of capital as a measure of the standard, only when the total cost of capital of the companies is the lowest, the level of debt is more reasonable. Therefore, Enterprises in the financing decisions need to continuously optimize the capital structure to become more reasonable, until they reach the lowest-cost integrated capital structure Enterprises to maximize this goal will be achieved.

Benedick And Beatrice In William Shakespeares Much Ado...

William Shakespeare’s classic comedy Much Ado About Nothing follows the story of the two famous pairs of young lovers; Claudio and Hero, and Benedick and Beatrice. Although mainly following the first pair throughout the text, the relationship between Benedick and Beatrice is followed throughout the text with less attention from the reader, not noticing love forming between the two. Shakespeare sets his text in Messina, a town located on the island of Sicily in Italy. The play mainly takes place at Leonato’s estate, the Governor of Messina. Kenneth Branagh’s film is based on Shakespeare’s play Much Ado About Nothing. By using facial expressions, tone of voice and body movement, Branagh’s film successfully employs visual comedy that is†¦show more content†¦Through the character of Beatrice and the sarcastic characteristic used, Branagh successfully uses visual comedy in Much Ado About Nothing to interpret Shakespeare’s version of the t ext. Branagh uses Benedick’s character during the second scene to add visual comedy to Shakespeare’s text. This begins when Benedick is alone in the garden when he hears Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio walking towards him. He quickly hides in the garden hoping to not be seen. A quick motion that is non-existent when reading Shakespeare’s text. However, Branagh uses the character of Benedick to create a sense of humour within the scene. While Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio know that Benedick is hiding from them in the garden. They decide to plot against Benedick in the hopes of him falling in love with Beatrice. They begin to talk about Beatrice, and how she is apparently in love with Benedick, according to her cousin Hero of course (Branagh 38:36). They pretend that they have no idea that Benedick can hear what they are saying but continue to emphasise words and exaggerate what they are saying to ensure Benedick, in fact, hears everything that they say. This can be int erpreted when Don Pedro states â€Å"Leonato, what was it you told me of today, that your niece Beatrice was in love with Signor Benedick?† (2.3.94-96), which makes BenedickShow MoreRelatedBeatrice and Benedick as a Couple in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing1336 Words   |  6 PagesBeatrice and Benedick as a Couple in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing is a Shakespeare play set in Mecina. It is a comedy, about Don Pedro and his friends. The play focuses on the relationships of the characters, especially that of Beatrice/Benedick and Claudio/Hero. The two romances follow two different ideas, one an average romance in Shakespeares day, the other a not so average romance. Beatrice and Benedicks history together isRead MoreThe Portrayal of Benedick and Beatrice in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing702 Words   |  3 PagesThe Portrayal of Benedick and Beatrice in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing At the beginning of William Shakespeares play Much Ado About Nothing he portrays Beatrice and Benedick as two argumentative young people. However he also portrays them as being attracted to each other, this becomes clear because the first thing Beatrice says in the play is I pray you, is Signor Mountanto returnd from the wars or no? She is talking about Benedick asking the messengerRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Beatrice, Benedick, and Love879 Words   |  4 PagesBeatrice, Benedick, and Love in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing   is set in thirteenth century Italy.   The plot of the play can be categorized as comedy or tragicomedy .  Ã‚  Ã‚   Villainy and scheming combine with humor and sparkling wordplay in Shakespeares comedy of manners. Claudio is deceived into believing that Hero, is unfaithful. Meanwhile, Benedick and Beatrice have a kind of merry war between them, matching wits in repartee.   This paper will attemptRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing898 Words   |  4 PagesBeatrice, Benedick, and Love in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing is set in thirteenth century Italy. The plot of the play can be categorized as comedy or tragicomedy . 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However, Hero is the complete oppositeRead More Comparing Katharina, of The Taming of the Shrew and Beatrice of Much Ado About Nothing1317 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Shakespeare’s Katharina, of The Taming of the Shrew and Beatrice, of Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare’s Katharina, of The Taming of the Shrew and Beatrice, of Much Ado About Nothing, are very similar characters.   Each is plagued with unrequited love, and depressed by their inability to woo the suitor of their choosing.   Neither will accept the passive female role expected by society. Yet, both women seem to accept their role as wife by the conclusion.   Upon further examination, oneRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing909 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Much Ado about Nothing traverses the complex social, and emotional trials and triumphs of romantic relationships; Shakespeare’s perspective on the subject is both very similar to ours today, and different. 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Evaluation Of A Nursing Assessment - 1926 Words

Breathing is an activity of living that is essential in order for other activities of living to be achieved with ease. Individuals are not usually aware that they are breathing, and it should be effortless. When breathing becomes difficult, an assessment must be undertaken by a nurse in order to make a nursing diagnoses. Once the assessment is completed, interventions are put in place in order for the health issue to be corrected, and an evaluation is done to examine whether or not the interventions were successful. If unsuccessful, the assessment process is repeated. This essay will discuss the information that should be gathered during an assessment, and the possible interventions that may be put in place to correct the issue. Florence Nightingale had a definition of nursing published in 1859, which was that nursing is â€Å"to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him† (Rosdahl Kowalski 2008, p. 3). During a nursing assessment, there are multiple factors that must be taken into consideration. Peate, (2010, p. 156-157) says these factors are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and politicoeconomic. Whilst undertaking an assessment of the activity of breathing, a variety of information must be gathered by the nurse. For example, Holland et al. (2008, p. 141-161) discusses that physical changes in rate, depth and rhythm, as well as coughing and respiratory pain, could be signs of underlying medical conditions, so symptoms such asShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Nursing Assessment958 Words   |  4 PagesA nursing assessment is defined as a systematic and dynamic process to collect and examine data about a patient. Nurses play a crucial role in the health ca re field, and one of the most important aspects of their daily obligations is to assess patients, and to continuously reassess patients. The reason assessments are so significant is- in case of any changes in their patients condition whether it effects their health positively or negatively. Some of the most vital information can be gathered inRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing Internship Experience Based On An Educational Program For Wound Assessment And Documentation1451 Words   |  6 PagesPracticum Evaluation Summary With ongoing monetary restraints and increased federal regulatory requirements over hospital-acquired conditions, health care executives, leaders, and providers are increasingly challenged to keep patient safe and deliver quality patient care. In 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) stopped reimbursing hospitals for cost associated with treating hospital-acquired stage III and IV pressure ulcers. 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Essay Hiv-Aids free essay sample

This means that one who has HIV doesn’t immediately have AIDS. If the virus is left undiagnosed and/or untreated it can attack the human immune system. if this happens HIV progresses to AIDS. [1][2] HIV is a retrovirus. Human genes are primarily encoded by DNA. The genes of a retrovirus are encoded by RNA instead of DNA. A normal virus contains DNA, which means it can clone its self. The DNA replicates by using enzymes of the host cell. This way the virus can replicate thousands of its self. The virus molecules leave the host cell and infect other cells. [3] Unlike normal viruses, HIV only contains RNA. Therefore, retroviruses cannot replicate themselves like normal viruses do. HIV always fuses with T-cells. These cells are a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. For a HIV-cell to fuse with the cell, it requires the presence of certain receptors on the cell surface. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Hiv-Aids or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this case, CD4 receptors and co-receptors such as CCR5 or CXCR4. When the cell fuses with the T-cell, it releases two RNA-strands and 3 different replication enzymes. Integrase, protease and reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase begins the reverse transcription of the viral RNA-strands. In this process, one RNA-strand is transcribed to a RNA-DNA double helix. Now the integrase cuts the 3’ at each end of the DNA. This causes the DNA to remain two sticky ends. Integrase transfers the DNA and facilitates integration into the host cell. Now the host cell contains the genetic information of HIV in its DNA. From now on, when DNA replication occurs, the information of HIV is being replicated with it. Now the cell also contains mRNA with this information. The mRNA then migrates into the cytoplasm where building blocks for a new virus are synthesized. Here is where the protease comes in action. Protease cleaves long proteins into smaller core proteins. Those smaller core proteins are crucial in this whole process. Two RNA strands and these three replication enzymes come together. The smaller core proteins now gather around these molecules and transfer the formed capsule through the plasmid membrane. From now on, the infected cell will keep producing these virus molecules. This causes more T-cells to get infected and so on. [3][4] T-cells are lymphocytes. These cells have a central role in the cell-mediated immunity. HIV causes T-cells to practically self-destruct. The cells cannot attack other bacteria and viruses anymore. One who has AIDS runs faster risk of infection then one who has not. An innocent flu can be fatal for a HIV-patient. How can HIV/AIDS be treated? For AIDS, there a five major types of medicines. The first are Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors. These medicines keep the infected cells from copying the RNA strands. The second ones are protease inhibitors. These medicines make sure that the long proteins don’t get cut into smaller core proteins. This is the most important part of the whole replication-process. Without these smaller core proteins, the virus-molecules are unable to get out of the host cell. The third ones are fusion inhibitors. The outer cell surface of the HIV-virus is covered with gp120 or gp41 proteins. These attach to the receptors of T-cells(host cell). Some fusion inhibitors target these proteins, other target the receptors on the host cell. Either way, it prevents both cells to fusion with each other. The fourth ones are integrase inhibitors. These prevent the integrase to cut the 3’ ends. This causes the DNA not to integrate with the DNA of the host cell. The fifth ones are multidrug combinations. These are combinations of two or more medicines that have been mentioned. These medicines limit the production of HIV-molecules. They do not cure HIV/AIDS. [6] Natural immunity for HIV There is a small amount of people in the world who are naturally immune for HIV. People with two copies of the  CCR5  delta32 gene are  immune  to  HIV  infection. The HIV-virus cannot enter the T-cells. Instead, the T-cells attack and disarm the HIV-molecules. [5] People who have this rare mutation could cure a HIV-patient by getting stem cell transplantation. The HIV-patient gets the stem cells injected in his marrow where they can divide. The stem cells will attack the virus and block it out of the human system. However, stem cell transplantations have always been dangerous and this has never been done before. [5] Bibliography [1]: (Basis presentation HIV/AIDS)http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/hiv-aids/DS00005 [2]: (What is HIV? )http://www. avert. org/stages-hiv-aids. htm [3]: (What is a retrovirus? ) http://std. about. com/od/glossary/g/What-Is-A-Retrovirus. htm [4]: (Virus replication) http://biology. about. com/od/virology/ss/Virus-Replication. htm [5]: (The evolving genetics of HIV)http://genetics. thetech. org/original_news/news13 [6]: [ (HIV/AIDS medicines) ]http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/hivaidsmedicines. html